Subhanallah....Allahu Akbar...
Inilah keajaiban Bulan Muharram penuh berkah hingga orang yang berbuat baik dibulan ini takkan pernah lepas dari perhatian Allah SWT karena Allah sendiri telah berbuat baik kepada makhluk seperti diterimanya taubat Nabi Adam AS, diselamatkan Nabi Ibrahim AS dari Api, Diangkatnya Nabi Idris AS kelangit 3, mendaratnya bahtera Nabi Nuh AS dengan selamat, dikeluarkanya Nabi Yusuf AS dari penjara, Diselamatkannya Nabi Musa AS dari kejaran Fir'aun dengan membelah laut dan menenggelamkan Fir'aun.
PUASA ASYURA (10 MUHARRAM)
Sesungguhnya bulan muharram bulan agung yang penuh berkah, bulan muharram adalah awal bulan tahun hijriyah dan termasuk bulan - bulan haram. Dimana Allah SWT berfirman yang artinya: "Sesungghunya bulan disisi Allah ada 12 bulan, dalam ketetapan Allah di waktu Dia menciptakan bulan haram. Itulah (ketetapan) agama yang lurus, maka janganlah kamu menganiaya diri kamu dalam bulan yang empat itu" (QS. At taubah :36)
Adapun maksud dari firman Allah SWT : janganlah kamu menganiaya diri kamu yakni, pada bulan - bulan haram karena kesalahan atau dosa yang dikerjakan waktu itu lebih besar dibandingkan dengan kesalahan atau dosa yang dikerjakan pada bulan - bulan selainnya. Berkata Qutadah ra : "Sesungguhnya kedzoliman yang dikerjakan pada bulan - bulan haram lebih besar dosanya dibandingkan jika dikerjakan di luar bulan - bulan haram, walaupun sebenarnya kedzoliman di dalan segala hal dan keadaan merupakan dosa besar, akan tetapi Allah SWT senantiasa mengagungkan dan memuliakan beberapa perkara/ urusan menurut kehendak-Nya". (tafsir Ibnu katsir surat At Taubah:36).
Selasa, 06 Desember 2011
Senin, 15 Agustus 2011
Pelajaran 15 Ramadhan
" Beruntunglah orang yang yang dianugerahi keluasan Rezeki hingga dia bersyukur dan ikhlas berbagi...
Dan Beruntunglah orang yang diberi Kekayaan Hati Hingga dia mampu Menjadi Cahaya,yang menjadi sumber Kemulian Bagi Diri dan orang-orang sekelilingnya..."
INSYA ALLAH....
Dan Beruntunglah orang yang diberi Kekayaan Hati Hingga dia mampu Menjadi Cahaya,yang menjadi sumber Kemulian Bagi Diri dan orang-orang sekelilingnya..."
INSYA ALLAH....
Sabtu, 25 Juni 2011
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
1.Introduction
Hydrogen peroxide is primarily used in bleaching textile fibers and wood pulp, various chemical processe and for manufacture of organic peroxides and perforate used in laundry detergens. Other minor uses include military applications, foam rubber, etching in electronic circuit boards, etc.
The chemical formula for hydrogen peroxide is H2O2 or more simply a water molecule H2O combined with an additional oxygen atom. It can be produced in any concentration up to 70%. The product is water-like in appearance.
2. Hydrogenation
In AO process, 2-ethylanthraquinone is hydrogenated in presence of a palladium catalyst and the anthrahydroquinone thus obtained is oxidized by oxygen from air to obtain hydrogen peroxide and 2-ethylanthraquinone. The hydrogen peroxide produced is the extracted with de-ionized water to produced crude hydrogen peroxide of 35%-40% w/w concentration.
2-ethylanthraquinone (2-EAQ) is a solid in the form of flakes. To circulate it through hydrogantion, oxidation and extraction stages a soltion is prepared using two main organic solvents. One is the SC-150, mixture of aromatic hydrocarbons (C9-C12 range) which dissolves the quinones and the other is the sextate, 2-methyl cyclohexyl acetate which dissolves the hydroquinone.
The solution obtained by dissolving 2-EAQ in SC-150 and sextate is called working solution (WSN).
During the cyclic hydrogenation and oxidation a small part of the 2-EAQ undergoes undesirable side reactions. Some products of the side reactions can be converted to quinones which yield hydrogen peroxide and the balance should be removed from the working solution periodically.
For this removal, part if the working solution is continously treated with caustic soda.
The crude peroxide produced is polished and can then either be concentrated and/or purified up to 70% in a distillation unit and/or stored in storage tanks. In the storage tanks, adjustments can be made to meet certain quality requirements, before filling in bulk containers or jerry cans.
3. Working Solution Preparation
The working solution is primarily composed os sextate (2-methylcyclohexylacetate), SC-150 (an aromatic solvent) and 2-ethylanthraquinone-based products. The EAQ is yellow organic solid that is subjected to chemical reactions during the operation. Sexttate is a clear, water-like organic liquid and primarily serves as a solvent for the reduced EAQ (EAQH2).
SC-150 is also a clear, water-like organic liquid. It reduces the density, viscosity and water solubility of the working soluition in addition to its solvent properties. These are desirable properties to facilitate recovery of hydrogen peroxide from the working solution in the extractor.
The working solution is prepared by first pumping SC-150 and sextate from barrels by solvent Drum Pump into the WSN preparation Tank. The mixture of solvents is heated and homogenized by WSN Preparation Tank Agitator before a specified amount of EAQ ia added.
Agitation is continued until all EAQ is dissolved. Then the working solution prepared by this procedure is transferred into the WSN treatment through the fresh WSN filter by the fresh WSN Transfer pump. For the first filling of the plant the fresh working solution can also be transferred into the WSN Storagre Tank.
4. Workintg Solution Preparation cont.
Solvent contaminated water from the solvent Recovery System and the Coalescer is collected in the Aqueous Draining Tank. Solvent overflow from the Crude Scrubbers and solvent from Wash tank Filter are also fed to this tank. The contonouos aqueous overflow from this vessel is drained to the organic Separation Sump.
The aqueous streams entering the Aqueous Draining tank may contain a small amount of solvents wich separate in the tank. The solvents collected form organic phase in the upper part of the vessel. The Organic phase is pumped by the the Aqueous Draining Transfer pump to the WSN preparation Tank. Solvent from the solvent Recovery System is collected in Reovered Solvent Tank. Water contaned in the solvent streams settles at the bottom of the Recovered Solvent Tank and is drained to the Organic Separation Sump from time to time. The solvents from the Recovered Solvent Tank can be transferred to the WSN Preparation Tank. The Recovered Solvent tank, the Filter Wash Tank or the Hydrogen Recycle Compressor by the Recovered Solvent Transfer Pump.
During normal plant operations, the solvents collected in Aqeous Draining tank, Recovered Solvent Tank and fresh Sextate make up can be used for dissolving 2-EAQ.
5. Working Storage
The WSN Storage Tank is teh starting point of the working solution cycle. Working Solution returning from the coalescer and the WSN treatment Return pump flows to this tank. During the first filling of the plant, fresh working solution is also fed to the WSN Storage through the fresh WSN Filter.
The working solution returning from the Coalescer also carrier some water into WSN Storage Tank. The phase water settles out at the bottom of the tank and flows to the Settler. It is drained from this tank from time to time and fed to the Organic Separation Sump.
Working solution above the water phase is drawn from the WSN Storage Tank and pumped by the Hydrogenation Feed Pump through the Oxidizer Economizer. In this heat exchanger the working solution is heated up by cooling down the hydrogenated working solution, thus recovering the heat of reaction produced in the hydrogenation.
A small side of the working solution returning from the oxidizer Economizer is taken from the line upstream the Hydrogenation Feed Heater and fed to working solution treatment in order to remove undesirable by-products.
6. Working Solution Storage cont.
The major part of the working solution flows through the Hydrogenation Feed Heater. This heat exchanger is required to heat up the working solution during start up of the plant. After passing through the Hydrogenation Feed Heater the working solution flows to the hydrogenation.
The degree of conversion of EAQ to EAQH2 in the Hydrogenation is very much depent on the temperature in the Hydrogenation and the quantity of catalyst suspended in the system. Fresh catalyst must be added to the Hydrogenation periodically to sustain the desired rate of reaction. This is done by means of the Catalyst Addition Chamber that is tied into the main working soluiton line leading to the Hydrogenation via bypass valve arrangement. It is therefore possible to divert a part of the working solution flow through this vessel. This working solution the transfers as known amount of catalyst that has been placed in this chamber into Hydrogenation.
7. Working Soluiton Treatment.
During the repeated hydrogenation and oxidation cycles side reactions accur in the working solution which results in formation of inert materials and other undesirable by-products.
Working Solution Treatment cont.
therefore, the overall economics of the process is very much dependent on the conversion of these back into compounds capable of producing hydrogen peroxide through s unit call Working Solution Treatment. Also a small part of the degraded compounds which cannot be reconverted to useful compounds is discarded.
partial removal of the by-products is accomplished by heating up mixture of oxidized and reduced working solution and subjecting this mixture to a treatment with caustic soda. Hydrogenated working solution from safety Filter.......
Hydrogen peroxide is primarily used in bleaching textile fibers and wood pulp, various chemical processe and for manufacture of organic peroxides and perforate used in laundry detergens. Other minor uses include military applications, foam rubber, etching in electronic circuit boards, etc.
The chemical formula for hydrogen peroxide is H2O2 or more simply a water molecule H2O combined with an additional oxygen atom. It can be produced in any concentration up to 70%. The product is water-like in appearance.
2. Hydrogenation
In AO process, 2-ethylanthraquinone is hydrogenated in presence of a palladium catalyst and the anthrahydroquinone thus obtained is oxidized by oxygen from air to obtain hydrogen peroxide and 2-ethylanthraquinone. The hydrogen peroxide produced is the extracted with de-ionized water to produced crude hydrogen peroxide of 35%-40% w/w concentration.
2-ethylanthraquinone (2-EAQ) is a solid in the form of flakes. To circulate it through hydrogantion, oxidation and extraction stages a soltion is prepared using two main organic solvents. One is the SC-150, mixture of aromatic hydrocarbons (C9-C12 range) which dissolves the quinones and the other is the sextate, 2-methyl cyclohexyl acetate which dissolves the hydroquinone.
The solution obtained by dissolving 2-EAQ in SC-150 and sextate is called working solution (WSN).
During the cyclic hydrogenation and oxidation a small part of the 2-EAQ undergoes undesirable side reactions. Some products of the side reactions can be converted to quinones which yield hydrogen peroxide and the balance should be removed from the working solution periodically.
For this removal, part if the working solution is continously treated with caustic soda.
The crude peroxide produced is polished and can then either be concentrated and/or purified up to 70% in a distillation unit and/or stored in storage tanks. In the storage tanks, adjustments can be made to meet certain quality requirements, before filling in bulk containers or jerry cans.
3. Working Solution Preparation
The working solution is primarily composed os sextate (2-methylcyclohexylacetate), SC-150 (an aromatic solvent) and 2-ethylanthraquinone-based products. The EAQ is yellow organic solid that is subjected to chemical reactions during the operation. Sexttate is a clear, water-like organic liquid and primarily serves as a solvent for the reduced EAQ (EAQH2).
SC-150 is also a clear, water-like organic liquid. It reduces the density, viscosity and water solubility of the working soluition in addition to its solvent properties. These are desirable properties to facilitate recovery of hydrogen peroxide from the working solution in the extractor.
The working solution is prepared by first pumping SC-150 and sextate from barrels by solvent Drum Pump into the WSN preparation Tank. The mixture of solvents is heated and homogenized by WSN Preparation Tank Agitator before a specified amount of EAQ ia added.
Agitation is continued until all EAQ is dissolved. Then the working solution prepared by this procedure is transferred into the WSN treatment through the fresh WSN filter by the fresh WSN Transfer pump. For the first filling of the plant the fresh working solution can also be transferred into the WSN Storagre Tank.
4. Workintg Solution Preparation cont.
Solvent contaminated water from the solvent Recovery System and the Coalescer is collected in the Aqueous Draining Tank. Solvent overflow from the Crude Scrubbers and solvent from Wash tank Filter are also fed to this tank. The contonouos aqueous overflow from this vessel is drained to the organic Separation Sump.
The aqueous streams entering the Aqueous Draining tank may contain a small amount of solvents wich separate in the tank. The solvents collected form organic phase in the upper part of the vessel. The Organic phase is pumped by the the Aqueous Draining Transfer pump to the WSN preparation Tank. Solvent from the solvent Recovery System is collected in Reovered Solvent Tank. Water contaned in the solvent streams settles at the bottom of the Recovered Solvent Tank and is drained to the Organic Separation Sump from time to time. The solvents from the Recovered Solvent Tank can be transferred to the WSN Preparation Tank. The Recovered Solvent tank, the Filter Wash Tank or the Hydrogen Recycle Compressor by the Recovered Solvent Transfer Pump.
During normal plant operations, the solvents collected in Aqeous Draining tank, Recovered Solvent Tank and fresh Sextate make up can be used for dissolving 2-EAQ.
5. Working Storage
The WSN Storage Tank is teh starting point of the working solution cycle. Working Solution returning from the coalescer and the WSN treatment Return pump flows to this tank. During the first filling of the plant, fresh working solution is also fed to the WSN Storage through the fresh WSN Filter.
The working solution returning from the Coalescer also carrier some water into WSN Storage Tank. The phase water settles out at the bottom of the tank and flows to the Settler. It is drained from this tank from time to time and fed to the Organic Separation Sump.
Working solution above the water phase is drawn from the WSN Storage Tank and pumped by the Hydrogenation Feed Pump through the Oxidizer Economizer. In this heat exchanger the working solution is heated up by cooling down the hydrogenated working solution, thus recovering the heat of reaction produced in the hydrogenation.
A small side of the working solution returning from the oxidizer Economizer is taken from the line upstream the Hydrogenation Feed Heater and fed to working solution treatment in order to remove undesirable by-products.
6. Working Solution Storage cont.
The major part of the working solution flows through the Hydrogenation Feed Heater. This heat exchanger is required to heat up the working solution during start up of the plant. After passing through the Hydrogenation Feed Heater the working solution flows to the hydrogenation.
The degree of conversion of EAQ to EAQH2 in the Hydrogenation is very much depent on the temperature in the Hydrogenation and the quantity of catalyst suspended in the system. Fresh catalyst must be added to the Hydrogenation periodically to sustain the desired rate of reaction. This is done by means of the Catalyst Addition Chamber that is tied into the main working soluiton line leading to the Hydrogenation via bypass valve arrangement. It is therefore possible to divert a part of the working solution flow through this vessel. This working solution the transfers as known amount of catalyst that has been placed in this chamber into Hydrogenation.
7. Working Soluiton Treatment.
During the repeated hydrogenation and oxidation cycles side reactions accur in the working solution which results in formation of inert materials and other undesirable by-products.
Working Solution Treatment cont.
therefore, the overall economics of the process is very much dependent on the conversion of these back into compounds capable of producing hydrogen peroxide through s unit call Working Solution Treatment. Also a small part of the degraded compounds which cannot be reconverted to useful compounds is discarded.
partial removal of the by-products is accomplished by heating up mixture of oxidized and reduced working solution and subjecting this mixture to a treatment with caustic soda. Hydrogenated working solution from safety Filter.......
Hydrogen Production (SMR)
General process description overview
The hydrogen generating plant is designed to produce a high purity hydrogen stream from natural gas. Hydrogen is produceed by catalytically reforming natural gas and superheated steam at elevated temperatures in the vertical cylindrical reformer furnace. More hydrogen is produced by reaction of carbon monoxide and steam in the shift converter. Impurities such as carbon monoxide, methane, carbon dioxide and water vappor are removed by the unique adsorption system, thus producing ultra pure hydrogen.
The design feed stock and fuel for the SMR is natural gas which is composed of methane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, ethane, propane, n-Buthane, n-penthane and hexane. The feed stock is provided from off site source and enters the process at 8.0 Bar.
The natural gas supply presure is to low and therefore hat to be increased by using the compressor. After compression the pressure is increased to 18.0 Bar. A side stream of this natural gas is reduced again in pressure to supply a portion of fuel for the reformer burners.
The feed gas flows first through the hydrotreater catalyst bed of the hydrodesulfurizer, where in the presence of a catalyst and at the correct temperature the organic sulfur compounds and olefins will be converted.
The feed gas the flows through the desulfurizer catalyst bed hydrodesulfurizer, where in the presence of a catalyst and temperature removed all of the H2S. The feed gas is then mixed with superheated steam before entering the reformer catalyst tubes.
In the redformer catalyst tubes, the hydrocarbon and steam are heated further and reacted in the presence of a catalyst to produce a mixture of hydrogen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, watter and methane. The hot process gasses exiting the reformer flow to the Reformer Effluent Steam Generator Waste Heater, where steam is produced and the outlet process gas temperature is controlled by the inlet operating temperature of the Shift Converter Vessel.
From the Reformer Effluent Steam Generator, the process gas flows through the Shift Converter where steam and carbon monoxide react in the presence of a catalyst to form more hydrogen and carbon dioxide.
From the Shift Converter the process gas flows to the Feed Heat Exchanger where the process is cooled down while heating up the feed gas.
After exiting the Feed heat Exchanger the process gas flows to the Shift Effluent Waste Heat Boiler where the process gas is cooled down while producing steam.
From the Shift Effluent Waste Heat Boiler the process gas passes through the Boiler Feed Water Heater. The Purpose of this heater is to heat up teh boiler feed water and continue cooling down the Process gas.
From the Boiler Feed Water Exchenger the process gas flows through the Deaerator Water Heater where the process gas cooled down while heating the return condensate and the make-up water to the Deaerator Vessel.
The Process Gas flows from the Deaerator Water Heater through the Process Gas Cooler where the process gas is cooled and the water vapor is condensed and then into the Cold Condensate Separator where the condensate is removed before the process gas enters the Pressure Swing Adsorption system.
The purification system uses the adsorption process to prodeuce a high purity hydrogen product. In an adsorption process, the impure hydrogen is purified as it flows through an adsorbed filled with adsorbent. The adsorbent is granular material which attracts and traps the impurities from the crude hhydrogen. The Hydrogenpurification system uses alumina, activated carbon and molecular sieve to selectively adsord all the impurities present in the hydrogen rich gas.
The hydrogen generating plant is designed to produce a high purity hydrogen stream from natural gas. Hydrogen is produceed by catalytically reforming natural gas and superheated steam at elevated temperatures in the vertical cylindrical reformer furnace. More hydrogen is produced by reaction of carbon monoxide and steam in the shift converter. Impurities such as carbon monoxide, methane, carbon dioxide and water vappor are removed by the unique adsorption system, thus producing ultra pure hydrogen.
The design feed stock and fuel for the SMR is natural gas which is composed of methane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, ethane, propane, n-Buthane, n-penthane and hexane. The feed stock is provided from off site source and enters the process at 8.0 Bar.
The natural gas supply presure is to low and therefore hat to be increased by using the compressor. After compression the pressure is increased to 18.0 Bar. A side stream of this natural gas is reduced again in pressure to supply a portion of fuel for the reformer burners.
The feed gas flows first through the hydrotreater catalyst bed of the hydrodesulfurizer, where in the presence of a catalyst and at the correct temperature the organic sulfur compounds and olefins will be converted.
The feed gas the flows through the desulfurizer catalyst bed hydrodesulfurizer, where in the presence of a catalyst and temperature removed all of the H2S. The feed gas is then mixed with superheated steam before entering the reformer catalyst tubes.
In the redformer catalyst tubes, the hydrocarbon and steam are heated further and reacted in the presence of a catalyst to produce a mixture of hydrogen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, watter and methane. The hot process gasses exiting the reformer flow to the Reformer Effluent Steam Generator Waste Heater, where steam is produced and the outlet process gas temperature is controlled by the inlet operating temperature of the Shift Converter Vessel.
From the Reformer Effluent Steam Generator, the process gas flows through the Shift Converter where steam and carbon monoxide react in the presence of a catalyst to form more hydrogen and carbon dioxide.
From the Shift Converter the process gas flows to the Feed Heat Exchanger where the process is cooled down while heating up the feed gas.
After exiting the Feed heat Exchanger the process gas flows to the Shift Effluent Waste Heat Boiler where the process gas is cooled down while producing steam.
From the Shift Effluent Waste Heat Boiler the process gas passes through the Boiler Feed Water Heater. The Purpose of this heater is to heat up teh boiler feed water and continue cooling down the Process gas.
From the Boiler Feed Water Exchenger the process gas flows through the Deaerator Water Heater where the process gas cooled down while heating the return condensate and the make-up water to the Deaerator Vessel.
The Process Gas flows from the Deaerator Water Heater through the Process Gas Cooler where the process gas is cooled and the water vapor is condensed and then into the Cold Condensate Separator where the condensate is removed before the process gas enters the Pressure Swing Adsorption system.
The purification system uses the adsorption process to prodeuce a high purity hydrogen product. In an adsorption process, the impure hydrogen is purified as it flows through an adsorbed filled with adsorbent. The adsorbent is granular material which attracts and traps the impurities from the crude hhydrogen. The Hydrogenpurification system uses alumina, activated carbon and molecular sieve to selectively adsord all the impurities present in the hydrogen rich gas.
Minggu, 17 April 2011
Invictus
Out of the night covers me
Black as the pit pole to pole
I thank whatever Gods may be
For my unconquerable soul
in the fell clutch of circumstance
I have not winced nor cried aloud
Under the bludgeonings of fate
My head is bloody, but unbowed
beyond the place of wrath and tears
Looms but the horror of the shade
And yet, the menace of the years
Find, and Shall Find, me unafraid
it matter not how srait the gate
How change with punishment the scroll
I am the MASTER of my Fate...
I am the CAPTAIN of my Soul....
(by W. Ernest H.)
Black as the pit pole to pole
I thank whatever Gods may be
For my unconquerable soul
in the fell clutch of circumstance
I have not winced nor cried aloud
Under the bludgeonings of fate
My head is bloody, but unbowed
beyond the place of wrath and tears
Looms but the horror of the shade
And yet, the menace of the years
Find, and Shall Find, me unafraid
it matter not how srait the gate
How change with punishment the scroll
I am the MASTER of my Fate...
I am the CAPTAIN of my Soul....
(by W. Ernest H.)
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